Bathes 5 narrative codes

Narrative codes

Barthe was a French philosopher, literary theorist and critic who suggested that there will be one or more of the 5 codes that describe the meaning of a text. He said that texts may be 'open' (unravelled in different ways) of 'closed' (there is only one obvious thread to pull on in order to reveal the narrative).

The five codes are:
Hermenuetic/enigma code
Proaieretic/action code
Semantic code
Symbolic code
Referential code

Hermenuetic/enigma code

This code refers to mystery within a text. Clues are dropped but no clear answers are given towards the narrative. Engimas within the narrative make the audience want to know more, which will appeal to them. Unanswered enigmas tend to frustrate the audience, and so may be unappealing or not fulfill audience pleasure.

Proairetic/action code

This code contains sequential elements of action in the text. Proairetic elements add suspense to the text. 

Semantic code

This code refers to parts within the text that suggests or refers to additional meanings. Elements of the semantic code are called Semes; the seme has a connotative function in the text. It has an extra layer of meaning in addition to its literal meaning. 

Symbolic code

This code is about symbolism within the text. It exercises opposites to show contrast and create greater meaning, providing tension for the audience, and creating drama and character development.

Referential code

This code refers to anything in the text which refers to an external body of knowledge such as scientific, historical and cultural knowledge.